Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace

Introduction Cyber crime is a growing global problem. Despite intense efforts by law enforcement officers to stop the practice, cyber crime continues to spread. Brenner (2010) says that partly, the growth of cyber crime stems from the extra-territorial nature of the practice. On the contrary, Wall (2007) argues that the growth of cyber crime mainly stems from the changing nature of such crimes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The abuse of new technology has also led to the spread of this practice. Consequently, there have been rising numbers of cyber attacks in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). These countries have reported cyber crimes for many years and despite the increased attempts to curb their spread, they continue to increase. Loader (2012) reports that developed countries, which do not have an est ablished internet connection also, report increased incidences of cyber crime.  The American government has taken cyber security with utmost importance. In fact, the US Homeland Security considers America as a thriving ground for cyber crimes. This is because America is not only a victim of such attacks, but also the source of most attacks (Schell 2004). The Anti-Phishing Working Group recently produced new statics that show the growth of cyber crimes within the past year (Chik 2012). Increased awareness of cyber crime in the UK and America has largely informed the rise in the number of cyber crime litigation in both countries. However, most of these litigations do not have a common legislative basis.  This paper explores the nature of cyber crime in the context of the law of defence (in the US and the UK). From this analysis, this paper highlights the legal underpinnings of UK and US laws on self-defence. A lot of emphasis is made to compare the application of the law of defenc e on cyber crime, viz-a-viz the application of the same laws in the â€Å"physical world.† In this regard, this paper explores the law of defence (as outlined by the UN), the right to bear arms, and the implications of these laws in the cyberspace. UK and US Laws on Cyber Crime America Since federal and state governments govern American states, the process of formulating laws divides between the state and federal governments. Usually, state laws are more applicable to cyber crime, unless there is a special situation where there is a need for Federal intervention (Chik 2012). For example, when cyber crime threatens national security, Federal cyber laws may apply.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternatively, when the prevention of cyber crime requires the uniform application of law, the Federal government may intervene in the formulation (or enforcement) of such laws. Therefore, because of the distributed functions of state and federal governments, both governments have contributed in the formulation and enforcement of cyber law. Nonetheless, because of the political differences in America, every state formulates and enforces their laws. There is therefore no legal requirement for all American states to adopt uniform laws (Chik 2012). UK Specific legislations on cyber crime in Europe inform UK’s cyber laws. Indeed, there is a close relationship between Europe’s public policy on self-defence and UK’s legislations on the same. For example, the UK is subject to cyber crime legislations, as formulated by Council of Europe (CoE). Therefore, the provisions of self-defence laws (under the convention) are applicable in the UK, as they are applicable in other European countries (that are signatories to the convention). The close historical, geographic, and economic relation between UK and Europe inform the close interconnection betwe en the UK and Europe’s cyber laws. Nonetheless, the most common law governing cyber crime in the UK is the Computer Misuse Act of 1990 (Securelist 2012). The government has however updated this act with newer and stiffer penalties. The quest to update this law came from the inadequacies of existing laws to curb hacking activities within the UK. More so, this issue came into sharp focus when previously existing legislations failed to convict Stephen Gold and Robert Schifreen for gaining unauthorised access to a UK organisation, BT Prestel services. Because of the inadequacy of the law to convict the two suspects, the court acquitted them. The Right of Defence Normally, every country has a right to defend its people against any form of attack. However, technological advancements have introduced a new form of attack, which contravenes the conventional wisdom regarding the right to defend a country. The cyberspace is the platform where conventional rules of self-defence have been broken (Arsene 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, as Moore (2010) observes, several countries still adopt a conventional approach to prevent cyber attacks. For example, the US uses the military to defend the country against cyber attacks. Arsene (2012) questions the justification for doing so, because there are many risks associated with adopting a military approach to defending a country against cyber attacks. One risk is the overlap of self-defence and conventional space defence strategies. In other words, militarising cyber security may take a war-like approach, which should not be the case. Therefore, while conventional wisdom may approve the use of force in conventional space, the use of force as a right to self-defence may not work in the cyber world. Therefore, even though a cyber attack may manifest the same characteristics as a conventional attack, responding to such an attack with force may be unlawful (Arsene 2012).  People often compare the self-defence law to the English law. Researchers say this law is part of private defence because it allows for the use of illegal means to prevent an attack (or protect a country from harm) (Himma 2008). In Britain, this law stems from the common law and the criminal law act of 1967 (Samaha 2005). One common principle of self-defence rules focus on the use of reasonable force to prevent an attack. Therefore, from the nature of the law, self-defence is more of a justification as opposed to an excuse (Scheb 2011, p. 417). Globally, the right of self-defence in cyber attacks is still an unresolved issue. Indeed, because of some complexities identified when comparing cyber attacks with conventional attacks, it is difficult for countries to exercise (blindly) their right to self-defence without considering the unique dynamics of cyber attac ks (Committee on Deterring Cyber attacks 2010, p. 163). The UK and the US share the same approach to cyber attacks. Both countries propose the use of force when cyber attacks result in death, injury, harm, or destruction of property. However, the US has been most vocal about this provision. In fact, there are loud calls in the US to treat cyber attacks like â€Å"ordinary† attacks if they cause death or property destruction. The US Defence Department claims that it will not hesitate to use force to defend itself against cyber attacks that can kill, destroy property, or harm its people.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Right of Defence as Per the UN Law and Proportionality of Response Article 2 (4) of the UN charter describes situations when countries can use force for self-defence (Ellen 2012). The clause discourages the use of force as a means to solve international conflicts, but it approves it when states need to defend themselves from external aggression. Article 51 of the UN charter stipulates this provision (Ellen 2012). Many people have interpreted the provisions of this charter to either support or oppose the use of force as a self-defence mechanism in cyberspace attacks (Jasper 2012). Here, the main dilemma centres on whether to use force, even when there is no armed attack (like in the cyberspace). Some analysts have approved the use of force in such situations, while others deny the use of force (Ellen 2012). Because of the dilemma caused by the application of Article 51 (the use of force as a self-defence mechanism), the International Court of Justice has been forced to interpret the use of force as a self-defence mechanism. Milhorn (2007) explains the court’s ruling by demonstrating that the use of force as a self-defence mechanism only applies to situations where there is significant and the real threat of a country. The charter also stipulates that the use of force only apply to the specific country that wants to defend itself (Ellen 2012). Moreover, the article says that the intention to defend the country using force should show a high probability of success. Lastly, the charter says that the force applied should be proportional to the damage suffered from the attack (Schiller 2010). All the above stipulations are difficult to apply in the cyberspace. In fact, some observers say it is impossible to apply the above provisions in cyber crime (Wyler 2005). Usually, the complication arises when determining any direct loss of life (or any loss of property) that meets the conditions of triggering article 51. Broadly, it is often difficult to find the e vidence that would trigger the activation of article 51. The complications brought by the nature of cyber crime also pose a challenge to the implementation of article 51 of the UN charter because some cyber crimes are difficult to trace to one country. Moreover, even if a state traces the source of the attack to one country, they may not know the individual who is directing the attack (Wyler 2005). For example, an attacker may infiltrate innocent servers and use them to direct the attacks, as a zombie. Furthermore, trying to trace such attackers may consume a lot of time. Estonia and Iran provide examples of the difficulty of tracing attackers because even though the countries experienced cyber attacks a few years back, they have still been unable to know the real identity of the attackers. Lastly, the main issue affecting the use of force (as stipulated in article 51 of the UN charter) rests on the need to prove proportionality and necessity (Himma 2008, p. 410). Besides the time-c onsuming nature of knowing the identity of attackers, it is also difficult to prove that allowing a counter-attack may achieve the objective of preventing the attack. Similarly, it is difficult to limit the effects on intended targets if a defensive attack occurs. From the strict circumstances that the UN allows defensive attacks, it is difficult to meet the criterion for launching an armed attack in cyber crime (Carr 2011, p. 50). Therefore, even though cyber attacks may interfere with a country’s economic sphere, air space, maritime space, and territorial integrity, it is difficult to depend on article 51 of the UN charter to justify defensive attacks on cyber crimes. Right to Bear Arms In the UK, the right to bear arms is part of the English common law. Scholars, such as, Aristotle and Machiavelli have also recognised this right as part of a person’s right to self-defence. Similarly, the US constitution also acknowledges the right to bear arms as part of self-defenc e laws. The same protection replicates in several state constitutions. Still in the US, the government introduced the right to bear arms as a second amendment to the bill of rights. In the UK, the common law tradition acknowledges the right to bear arms (Wyler 2005).  Parliamentary supremacy in the UK has however imposed many regulations to the right to bear arms. For example, the prerogative to control the right to bear arms shifted from the monarch to parliament. Notably, the Pistol act of 1903 was the main legislative provision that regulated the right to bear arms (Wyler 2005). The right to bear arms covers several weapons that are offensive to the law. Knives and firearms are the main weapons considered offensive by the UK law. While the right to bear arms may be a critical part of self-defence law, its applicability in the cyberspace is impractical. Indeed, the right to bear arms aim to protect a person from a physical assault (or harm). However, attacks in the cyber world a re intangible. Similarly, as other situations described in this paper, it is difficult to know the attacker. Therefore, it is equally difficult to apply the right to bear arms as a means to protect a person from cyberspace attacks. Case Studies Cyber space security poses unique challenges to the application of self-defence laws. For example, when two people share organisational resources through open port access, it is difficult to establish the legal justification for using self-defence legal provisions if an attacker tries to infiltrate the cyber network. This situation is true when one party gives another party the authority to gain access to the organisation’s resources, and the second party responds to a security threat through the established connection. Technically, the second party would not be breaching the law because he responds to the attacker through an established connection. In the above situation, it is difficult to establish the right legal framework for appr oaching the issue because the intention of the attacker is not established. If the second party knew the intention of the attacker, it would be easier to justify the action of the second party who acts in self-defence. This scenario elopes in the Computer misuse act, which seeks to establish the intention of the attacker (first) before any legal consequences are determined. Without knowing the intention of the attacker, it is difficult to establish that the law was broken. An incident that occurred in the UK, in 2004, demonstrates the need to establish the intention of the attacker before castigating an attacker. Here, an organisation accused a teenager of destroying a server by sending millions of mails to the server (Ellen 2012). However, the court ruled that the defendant had not contravened the computer misuse act because his actions did not lead to any unauthorised changes to the information in the computers. The failure to prove the intention of the defendant proved to be the biggest weakness here. However, if the organisation could prove that the teenager changed the information in their servers, they would have established the intention of the attack and held the defendant liable for his actions. They however failed to do so. The above case highlights the need to establish the intention of an attacker as he tries to gain access to the cyber network. With the absence of a determined intention from the attacker, it is difficult to justify a response to an enemy threat. Therefore, the existence of the intention to gain unauthorised access to a cyber attack does not provide sufficient ground to warrant a counter-attack. However, if the attacker went further and altered information on the servers, substantial grounds for a response would be sufficient to warrant a conviction. In a situation where an attacker declares that he is part of a wider network of global cyber commons, issues of self-defence also arise because if an attacker is part of the global cyb er commons, he may install cookies into an organisation’s resources. Cookie installation poses significant threats to online privacy and security because an organisation’s resources could be availed to a third party, thereby compromising an organisation’s cyber safety. Indeed, through the installation of cookies, an attacker may easily access an organisation’s resources and use them to harm it. Bajaj (2012) says that the installation of cookies resembles the storage of an organisation’s resource in a central database where everyone can gain access to it. Moreover, an attacker may intercept an organisation’s traffic (through cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted Http sessions) and use the information acquired here to harm the organisation (Bajaj 2012). Therefore, even though an attacker may be part of the global cyber commons, he may pose significant threats to an organisation. These threats prompt organisations to defend themselves. Therefore , based on the severity and the possibility of such threats occurring, it is crucial for an organisation to defend itself from such risks. Stated differently, if a burglar enters a person’s house, the owner of the house has a right to defend himself. However, the cyberspace (as part of the global cyber common) poses unique challenges to cyber security (and more specifically for issues of self-defence). Albeit an artificial one, Bajaj (2012) explains that the cyberspace is part of the global cyber commons. Therefore, like other national assets like the sea, oceans, land, and air, states need to protect the global cyber commons against any attack. However, unlike physical resources like land and oceans, the global cyber common does not have national borders. Therefore, except for a few strategies discussed in this report, it is very difficult to defend a country/organisation (completely) from attacks in the global cyber commons. However, if an attacker declares that he is part of the global cyber commons and installs cookies in an organisation’s resource base, the law of self-defence applies because as a resource owner it is crucial to monitor the activities of every website visitor. Even though there may be significant flaws in comparing the cyberspace with the physical world, monitoring visitor activities on an organisation’s website resembles installing CCTV cameras to monitor shoppers’ activities in a supermarket. This is a critical safety measure of self-defence.  Nationally, states also protect their interest in the global commons because they understand the implications of the global cyber commons on national security and strategic interests (Bajaj 2012). This is especially more profound in the US. Therefore, protecting a nation’s interest in the cyber common network forms part of national defence. The same justifications, which countries use to protect their national interests in the cyber commons, outline the justifi cation for the enforcement of self-defence laws to monitor visitors’ activities on an organisation’s website.  Different organisations have adopted different strategies for defending themselves against attacks from the global commons. One such strategy is the installation of filters to enforce censorship. However, none of these strategies provide absolute protection to an organisation because the protocols for gaining access to organisational resources are accessible from anywhere in the world. Therefore, different servers and networks can access company resources from different locations around the world. Broadly, the laws for defending an organisation/country against cyber attacks are still unrefined, but it is crucial to say, different countries and organisations continue to pursue the same strategy they would use when defending themselves against physical attacks. Conclusion Self-defence laws aim to protect people and organisations from injury, or harm. However, the changing technological nature of the environment has brought new challenges to the applicability of these laws. Often, the law has played catch up to cyberspace attacks and even developed countries are still grappling with the challenge of enforcing self-defence laws without contravening other laws. This paper demonstrates that the provision for the enforcement of self-defence laws pose unique challenges to the enforcement of the same laws in the cyber world. Therefore, albeit cyber attacks may bear the same characteristics of an armed attack, it is difficult for organisations to evoke self-defence laws, even as outlined by article 51 of the UN charter. Some of the unique challenges posed to the enforcement of self-defence laws in the cyber world include proportionality issues, the trans-national nature of cyber attacks, and the difficulty experienced in identifying the attacker.  Besides the above challenges, it is similarly difficult to invoke self-defence laws (at least in the conventional way) in cyber attacks because cyber attacks (often) do not lead to the direct loss of life. Therefore, there is a significant mismatch between the use of armed attacks (as a self-defence mechanism) because it is difficult to satisfy the conditions for approving armed attacks in the cyberspace.  This paper also highlights significant differences and similarities in the applicability of defence laws in the UK and the US. By the nature of their geography and distribution, both countries are subject to larger legislative provisions in cyber laws. For example, the UK is a signatory to European laws on cyber attacks, while cyber defence laws that the Federal government formulates also bind American states. Even though cyber defence laws continue to evolve in these countries, the English common law is the basis of their enforcement. In America, the bill of rights also plays a critical role in the enforcement of these laws. Nonetheless, throughout the analyses in this pap er, there is a clear trend towards the militarisation of self-defence laws in cyberspace (especially in the US) (Greenwald 2012, p. 2). Analysts should treat this trend with a lot of caution because the militarisation of self-defence laws in the cyber world may fail to achieve the same objectives they would achieve in the â€Å"real† world. It is therefore pertinent for international and local laws to encompass the unique dynamics of cyberspace attacks. The introduction of a new set of laws to accommodate these dynamics may be a good start for many countries to address the unique challenges of the cyber world. References Arsene, L. 2012, U.S. to Apply Self-Defense Rule if Cyber Attacks Turn Hostile. Web. Bajaj, K. 2012, Cyberspace as Global Commons. Web. Brenner, S. 2010, Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace, ABC-CLIO, New York. Carr, J. 2011, Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld, O’Reilly Media, Inc., New York. Chik, W. 2012, Challenges to Crimin al Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore. Web. Committee on Deterring Cyber attacks 2010, Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy, National Academies Press, New York. Ellen, M. 2012, ‘Cyber Security without Cyber War’, J Conflict Security Law, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 187-209. Greenwald, G. 2012, Various matters: cyberwar, last gasps, and hate speech. Web. Himma, K. 2008, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, John Wiley Sons, London. Jasper, S. 2012, Conflict and Cooperation in the Global Commons: A Comprehensive Approach for International Security, Georgetown University Press, Georgetown. Loader, B. 2012, Cybercrime: Security and Surveillance in the Information Age, Routledge, London. Milhorn, T. 2007, Cybercrime: How to Avoid Becoming a V ictim, Universal-Publishers, New York. Samaha, J. 2005, Criminal Justice, Cengage Learning, London. Securelist 2012, Cybercrime and the law: a review of U.K. computer crime legislation. Web. Scheb, J. 2011, Criminal Law, Cengage Learning, London. Schell, B. 2004, Cybercrime: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, New York. Schiller, J. 2010, Cyber Attacks Protection, CreateSpace, New York. Wall, D. 2007, Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity, New York. Wyler, N. 2005, Aggressive Network Self-Defense, Elsevier, Massachussets. This research paper on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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In this high-speed high tech world there are many stressors everywhere u look. People need to know how to deal with stress, because stress can lead to all kinds of illnesses it can even lead to death or suicide. I will write on the causes of stress the effects of stress and some ways u can deal with stress or at least reduce it. Many people can become stressed out for different reasons, but most people have some common stresses in their lives. One of the biggest stressors is the workplace. With deadlines, noise and having to be worried about being fired its no wonder people become stressed out because of work. Or if you are in school the same things apply having deadlines and grades to worry about can add stress to you no matter what grade level you are in. But an additional stress school can give is finical if your grades drop u might loose your scholarship and have to pay your way through. Another big one is traffic, the fumes and noise and bad drivers can really pile on the stress. I personally hate bad traffic because, of people cutting you off and tailgating and not using there turn signals, that all can add greatly to your stress not to mention it might give you a case of road rage. And finally on off the greatest of all stressors BILLS and other fiscal matters. Ah the dreaded word bills I bet your alr eady thinking of that stack of bills you have at home or might be getting in the mail today. If you are that right there is proof of what a big stressor this is no one like handling bills cause all you do is watch your money slip away. And also if you come short one month on your bills you get the additional stress of fearing for your possessions which you worked hard for at that stressful place called work. There is many ways stress can effect your body not to mention your mind. For one thing and probably the most common headaches and or migraines are cause by to much stress. Also another example would be a mental state of d... Free Essays on Stress Vs Reality Free Essays on Stress Vs Reality In this high-speed high tech world there are many stressors everywhere u look. People need to know how to deal with stress, because stress can lead to all kinds of illnesses it can even lead to death or suicide. I will write on the causes of stress the effects of stress and some ways u can deal with stress or at least reduce it. Many people can become stressed out for different reasons, but most people have some common stresses in their lives. One of the biggest stressors is the workplace. With deadlines, noise and having to be worried about being fired its no wonder people become stressed out because of work. Or if you are in school the same things apply having deadlines and grades to worry about can add stress to you no matter what grade level you are in. But an additional stress school can give is finical if your grades drop u might loose your scholarship and have to pay your way through. Another big one is traffic, the fumes and noise and bad drivers can really pile on the stress. I personally hate bad traffic because, of people cutting you off and tailgating and not using there turn signals, that all can add greatly to your stress not to mention it might give you a case of road rage. And finally on off the greatest of all stressors BILLS and other fiscal matters. Ah the dreaded word bills I bet your alr eady thinking of that stack of bills you have at home or might be getting in the mail today. If you are that right there is proof of what a big stressor this is no one like handling bills cause all you do is watch your money slip away. And also if you come short one month on your bills you get the additional stress of fearing for your possessions which you worked hard for at that stressful place called work. There is many ways stress can effect your body not to mention your mind. For one thing and probably the most common headaches and or migraines are cause by to much stress. Also another example would be a mental state of d...

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A Comparative Analysis Of Robert Brownings Poem My Last Duchess And W. H. Audens Musee Des Beaux Arts

A Comparative Analysis Of Robert Browning's Poem My Last Duchess And W. H. Auden's Musee Des Beaux Arts World Without Love The Poems My Last Duchess by Robert Browning and Musee des Beaux Arts by W.H. Auden describes how people dont care about each other and that world is cruel. In My Last Duchess the guy is talking the messenger from the duchess about how he killed his wife and was happy about it, whereas in Musee des Beaux Arts the kid is dying in water but his father or not even the people in the ship care about him, they just let him drown in the water and lastly the poem The Sick Rose by William Blake has perfect metaphor reflecting the behavior and feeling of a human being by comparing love to an invisible worm, which destroys people lives. This three poem reflects people just dont care about each other and people have lost the meaning of love. In My Last Duchess the guy is describing to his how he killed his ex-wife and that he was happy about it. He liked a girl and girl was beautiful and young. She liked to flirt around and liked everything in this world. She liked all men and women. She smiles at everyone and like everyone around her. She smiled at the guy too but he is not happy about it because he thinks that she is his woman and she should not look at anyone else except him. Even the guy said to the messenger that, Willt Please you sit and look at her? (Browning 550), which shows she was beautiful and ones eyes would just stare at her for a long time. He also said, Her mantle laps Over my Ladys wrist too much, or Paint Must never hope to reproduce the faint Half-flush that dies along her throat which shows she was courteous, disciplined and beautiful. She had a good heart, which loved everyone and made everyone glad but the author did not like the fact she considers everyone same as him and that she does not pay more attention to him than others. The author also gave her a gift but she considered all the gifts as the same and did not differentiate between a bad and a good gift. In other she did not care about authors feeling and the love that author had for her. The author says, Just this Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss, Or there you exceed the mark (Browning 550) which represents that she treats everyone equal and did not give more importance to author. She considers author as one of nine hundred men that she likes. And after a while she passed the author without a smile, and that offended author because he really liked her and she did not cared about him. The guy was angry with the lady and he commanded his men to kill her to show his power over the lady. The guy says, I gave commands; Then all the smiles stopped together. (Browning 550) this shows that the author proved his power over the lady by killing her. The guy wants her command over the lady so he killed her and now he is regretting for his deeds. And now he asks the lady in the picture to come back to him. He says, Willt please your rise?(Browning 550) this shows the guy cares from her now, after she is dead. This whole scenario reflects that people dont care about each other. The duchess loved everyone but the guy wanted her but did not achieve her so he killed her. This is a selfish and cruel world we live in. People just dont understand the feeling and the type of relationship that the other person is trying to follow. On the other hand the poem Musee des Beaux Arts shows that people around the world dont care about each other even if the person is dying. The kids father made him a like wings out wax so he could fly but he warned him by saying not to fly near sun or near water, but the kid flew near the ocean water and the wax melted and the kid fell into the ocean and was drowning. Although the kid was drowning nobody was even trying to help him save. His father was busy ploughing the field he did not care either. The sheep were grazing; the dog was scratching himself on a tree; the sailor was sailing his ship he did not want himself to get wet and did not want water on his expensive ship. Everyone around there was selfish and nobody cared about the kids drowning. The author says, and, the delicate ship that must have seen Something amazing, a boy falling out off the sky, Had somewhere to go to and sailed calmly on. (Auden 592) this shows nobody cares about the boy in the water. The author also says, Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry, But for him it was not an important failure. (Auden 592) this reflect the ploughman did care about the boy just because it was not important to him; it was not a great failure or loss to the ploughman. Nobody understands the meaning of humanity or mankind towards his or her fellow beings. This poem reflects that people love and talk to each other only for their own interest and not for being generous or helpful. The most amazing thing about this poem is people are following their daily routine and a boy is drowning in the ocean and nobody cares about it. This is utmost disturbing situation. People have lost the meaning of humanity and mankind. The people in the whole scenario as described by Auden reflects that people are just dully walking away doing their daily business and they assume that nothing is happening around them as if it is just a normal day and its normal for a kid to drown in water. This is the most dreadful scene. And lastly the poem The Sick Rose by William Blake describes people have lost the meaning of love making them selfish and cold-hearted people. Blake says, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy(Blake, 539), which show love is an evil thing and could destroy ones life. He also says, O, Rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night (Blake, 539), which reflects that people have lost he meaning of love and have become cold hearted. Love is compared to a sick rose and our love for others have become sick and weak. And in terms of feeling, we absolutely have no love and even if we do, it is for some selfish purpose thats why Blake calls love a sick rose. Love is like an evil spirit that in a howling storm destroying everything that comes in its way. Thus Blake reflects through this poem that everyone in the world is cold-hearted and nobody cares about each other. According to me, all of these three poems reflect as to how people have become selfish and cold hearted for their own interests. In My Last Duchess the guy is crazy and kills the duchess just prove his power but fails to reflect care, compassion and love for human being; also in Musee des Beaux Arts the kids father, the sailor and even the people around him do not care about he kids drowning. Everyone is doing their work as if nothing is happening there and lastly The Sick Rose which reflects how love has lost its meaning and people have destroyed their lives without love and compassion. Thus according to me all the people in the world are selfish and dont care about other peoples feeling and dont have affection toward them

Contemporary Rhetorical Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Rhetorical Analysis - Term Paper Example Moreover, aside from being the greatest leader he could be, he had also proven himself of how the greatest speaker he could be. On the eve of Quit India Movement on August 8, 1942, Gandhi had communicated his Quit India speech which was a call for a determined but a passive resistance. Given this brief background, this essay would obtain observation and insights on Mahatma Gandhi’s â€Å"Quit India† through the use of rhetorical analysis while focusing on the metaphors of the said rhetoric. Upon my analysis of â€Å"Quit India,† I could say that his speech was definitely one excellent illustration of what was called a good rhetoric. Mahatma Gandhi’s Quit India was a really persuasive speech for it was indeed a success for him to appeal his audience’s rational, emotional and principled sense. His speech which was motivational and inspirational, was effective in moving his audience into a non – violent and passive movement against the British power. His ideas, attitudes, stand, and even his own self had been victorious in influencing his fellow Indian citizens through â€Å"Quit India.† Furthermore, Gandhi’s manner of style was not directed to any particular class or group of Indian people. He used the word â€Å"we† in some portions of his speech instead of just referring to himself to address an audience who were diverse in terms of their culture and religion. His speech had not appealed any divided sector of Indians but he called for unity when he said Hindus and Muslims must forget about their differences in identity but what should remain in them was their Indian identity. By the word â€Å"we,† whether they were not totally the same, they were one because they were all Indians. For me, in my attempt to discover his worldview, I could say that democracy would only begin once Indians had forgotten the differences in their being Hindus or Indians. It was only through forgetting their differences that would start their unity and equality.

Network Security Risk Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Network Security Risk Assessment - Term Paper Example This paper gives a critical analysis and discussion of Fast Distribution, Inc. with a view of investigating its information assets, organizational risk, security posture and problems which leads to the recommendation of the ways that can be implemented in order to mitigate the information security problem within the organization. Organizational Assets Fast Distribution, Inc. has both human capital and equipment assets. These assets are important in facilitating the central role or functions of the organization. The necessity of the company assets is revealed by their role in helping the company to make its supply chain management business possible. The human resource as a valuable asset comprises of the more than 3200 employees who work for the company to make it achieve its objectives. The human capital also includes the management of the company which is engaged in making important decisions for the success of the company’s coordination of warehousing, distribution, staging, transportation in additional to the relationship with the wholesaler, Value Added Resellers and customers. In an information system, the people are the human resource and expertise who are involved in various organizational activities and processes. These include the clients, staff, management, suppliers and distributors (Dalanhese, 2007). Data or information is one of the most important assets of the company because it helps organization to function and survive in the business environment through its application to enhance all business processes and to compete favorably within the market. Since the company is automated, the information systems within its functional areas are also vital assets for the company. The operations of FDI depend on technology and thus the computing systems of the organization are crucial assets which make the business activities of the company possible and running in an efficient and effective manner. The networking within the organization illustrates var ious component assents of the company’s information system. An information system is a combination of hardware, software, procedures, policies, people, information and data which is involved in the management of organizational business functions with an aim of meeting organizational objectives and goals with efficiency and effectiveness. The hardware within information systems includes the physical aspects of the system such as computer components and the related equipment. The software is a set of applications that are used together with the hardware to effectively perform organizational or business functions. The software applications include information processing systems, finance and accounting packages, anti malware applications, statistical tools and word processing packages (Brown, 2003). The hardware assets of FDI include its terminals or computers, servers, switches, routers, application mainframes and bridgeheads. The software components of the organization help to make the hardware function. The software applications of the company are important assets and include the operating systems for its servers and terminals, database management packages, financial and human resource management systems. The software for management of the company’s information systems is an important asset for the company. The software assets include transaction processing systems which are a set of applications for the processing of the daily activities and processes of an organization. Decision supports systems are other examples of information systems that are important in the decision making process of

Is action more important than knowledge Essay Example for Free

Is action more important than knowledge Essay Pablo Picasso once said that, Action is the foundational key to all success. In some ways I must agree with Picasso. To succeed in something of importance and value you must take action and not idle away as action speaks louder than words. Though knowledge is important because in some aspects as you cannot be illiterate about your cause if you wish to succeed. Knowledge is a key aspect of human beings. In order to advance in our society you must gain knowledge. Therefore to take action you must have a basis of information in order to be successful. You should not act in haste or proudness but rather develop your pool of information and make an informed decision to acquire your desired results, ignorance is the curse of God; knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. Some may say that taking action is more important than acquiring knowledge. They may say that people may spend too much precious time on gaining knowledge and miss there time of action. History does not remember those who were knowledgeable but rather those who took action in a steadfast manner. Though I must disagree. History are full of those who carelessly and in alacrity took an ill-informed decision that was destructive on humanity. For example in when Lenin, the first leader of communist Russia died, his testament was not read out in public. This testament would have kicked Stalin out of the Communist Party and therefore would have stopped the mass murder that happened due to Stalins orders under his reign. Due to the ill-thought Trotsky and other high members of the Bolsheviks, the decision was to not read out the testament in public. This enabled Stalin to take power and soon Stalin became a despotic leader of the communist parties and created a terror in Soviet Russia as well as the rest of the world. Therefore I believe knowledge is of key importance. This is due to the timeless evidence of how acquiring knowledge is more important than taking knowledge, like the testament of Lenin and this story; There once was a man named Pars. He was thought to be slow as before making every decision he would sit and ponder about the connotations and effects this decision would have on him and his fellow classmates.

Rememory in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison Beloved Ess

Rememory in Toni Morrison's Beloved To survive, one must depend on the acceptance and integration of what is past and what is present. In her novel Beloved, Toni Morrison carefully constructs events that parallel the way the human mind functions; this serves as a means by which the reader can understand the activity of memory. "Rememory" enables Sethe, the novel's protagonist, to reconstruct her past realities. The vividness that Sethe brings to every moment through recurring images characterizes her understanding of herself. Through rememory, Morrison is able to carry Sethe on a journey from being a woman who identifies herself only with motherhood, to a woman who begins to identify herself as a human being. Morrison glorifies the potential of language, and her faith in the power and construction of words instills trust in her readers that Sethe has claimed ownership of her freed self. The structure of Morrison's novel, which is arranged in trimesters, carries the reader on a mother's journey beginning with th e recognition of a haunting "new" presence, then gradually coming to terms with one's fears and reservations, and finally giving birth to a new identity while reclaiming one's own. Morrison characterizes the first trimester of Beloved as a time of unrest in order to create an unpleasant tone associated with any memories being stirred. Sethe struggles daily to block out her past. The first thing that she does when she gets to work is to knead bread: "Working dough. Working, working dough. Nothing better than that to the day's serious work of beating back the past" (Morrison 73). The internal and external scars which slavery has left on Sethe's soul are irreparable. Each time she relives a memory, she ... ...ge with Sethe. She not only searches for her face, but wants to be that face. In taking ownership of herself, Sethe unshackles herself from the ghosts of her past. Beloved has helped Sethe to free herself, and now can finally depart. Beloved takes Sethe's complex past and from it lifts one of life's simple truths: only you can define yourself. Sethe is finally free and at peace. From spiteful to loud to quiet, 124 Bluestone Road has evolved just as the characters have. All have remembered. Redemption comes because the past has been reconciled. Forgetting comes only with the pain of remembering, and in a world of rememories, we are bound to bump in to one of our own. Morrison gives birth to a story and in doing so claims ownership for herself, which is something only she could do. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Plume, 1987.

Nt1310

Define the following terms: 1. Horizontal Cable : A type of inside cable designed for horizontal use in non-plenum areas. While horizontal cable must be fire retardant, the National Electrical Code (NEC) specifications are not as demanding as those governing the use of plenum cable or riser cable. See also NEC, plenum, plenum cable, and riser cable. 2. Backbone Cable : Backbone cabling is the inter-building and intra-building cable connections in structured cabling between entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets.Backbone cabling consists of the transmission media, main and intermediate cross-connects and terminations at these locations. This system is mostly used in data centers. 3. Patch Cords: a short cord with a plug at each end, or a plug at one end and a pair of clips at the other, used for temporarily connecting two pieces of equipment or signal paths. 4. Connectors: A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact. 5. Conduit: A tube or duct for enclosing electric wires or cable. 6.Racks: A computer rack (commonly called a rack) is a metal frame used to hold various hardware devices such as servers, hard disk drives, modems and other electronic equipment. Some may refer to a rack as â€Å"LAN or network furniture† as resembles a shelving structure where components can be attached vertically, stacked on top of one another. A computer rack can also be called a relay rack or open rack. 7. Punch-Down Blocks: is a type of electrical connection often used in telephony. It is named because the solid copper wires are â€Å"punched down† into short open-ended slots which are a type of insulation-displacement connectors.These slots, usually cut crosswise (not lengthwise) across an insulating plastic bar, contain two sharp metal blades which cut through the wire's insulation as it is punched down. These blades hold the wire in position and make the electrical contact with the wire as well. 8. Consolidati on Points: an optional device for interconnecting horizontal cables between the Horizontal Cross-Connect and the Telecommunications Outlet or MUTOA within a structured cabling system. 9. Crimpers: A tool used to crimp, to join two pieces of metal 10.Fish Tape : a flat tempered spring-steel tape or wire used in pulling electric wire and cables (as into conduit runs) —called also snake wire 11. Continuity Tester: is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points;[1] that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit under test is completely de-energized prior to connecting the apparatus 12. Category 5e/6 Cable : cabling is used as a cabling infrastructure for 10BASE-T (Ethernet), full duplex 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet) and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GbE) networks.The Cat 5e standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and can be used up to a maximum length of 100 meters. 13. Binder Groups: A group of wire pairs bound together, usually by some sort of color-coded plastic tape or thread. In a large twisted pair cable, there may be many pairs combined into binder groups of 25 pairs for ease of connectivity management. Each pair within a binder group is uniquely color-coded for further ease of management. See also cable and wire. 14. Hybrid/Composite Cable : composite cable A communications cable having both optical and metallic signal-carrying components.Note 1: A cable having optical fiber(s) and a metallic component, e. g. , a metallic twisted pair, used solely for conduction of electric power to repeaters, does qualify as a composite cable. Note 2: A cable having optical fiber(s) , plus a metallic strength member or armor, does not qualify as a composite cable. Hybrid †¢An optical communications cable having two or more different types of optical fibers, e. g. , single-mode and multimode fibers. 15. Pulling Cable : The act of pulling the wires, as of a puppet; hence, se cret influence or management, especially in politics; intrigue 6. Wavelengths of Light: The length of a single cycle of a wave, usually measured from crest-to-crest. For electromagnetic waves 17. EMI : is the disruption of operation of an electronic device when it is in the vicinity of an electromagnetic field (EM field) in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum that is caused by another electronic device. 18. Optical-Fiber Strand : Is this referring to the actual pure glass on the middle of the fiber 19. Index of Refraction : the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium. 0. wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn 21. Cable Jacket : The outer protective coating which covers the core of the cable.. 22. Cladding Size : A metal coating bonded onto another metal under high pressure and temperature. 23. Multifiber Cables : Fiber optic Cable bearing many fibers independently sheathed and capable of carrying unrelated signals. They often surround a central strength member, a nd can be either loose- or tight-buffered. One standard configuration is a 12-fiber cable. 24. Differential Mode Delay: 25.In an optical fiber, the variation in propagation delay that occurs because of the different group velocities of different modes. Synonym multimode group delay. 26. Chromatic Dispersion : In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency,[1] or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity

Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism

Book Report on Edward’s â€Å"Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism† The turning point of the field of broadcast journalism was attributed to no one but Edward R. Murrow who, ironically, has no background of the profession but whose innovations opened doors and paved the way for the industry’s present prominence. This premise proved that one’s contributions and eventual success are not measured by his or her credentials or circumstances but definitely based on the significance of the work a person has performed and ultimately how the efforts affected people and the society in general.The said condition was how NPR’s Morning Edition host Bob Edwards successfully exemplified and analyzed the character of Murrow in the book â€Å"Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism (Turning Points in History). † Noting the relevance of broadcast journalism in today’s modern world, Edwards became effective in his approac h in evaluating the life and contributions of Murrow according to the nature of the latter’s character as well as his principles and endeavors which made the broadcast field successful.Set at the early years of Murrow’s broadcast career which started in 1935 and at the backdrops of the Nazi regime and World War III, the Edwards book made the public realize the exciting, fearless, meticulous, in-depth but generally composed personality of the â€Å"See It Now† television show host. From the title itself of the book as well as its clear portrayal of Murrow, Edwards proudly imparted that the improvement, success and influence of the contemporary broadcast journalism was absolutely a product of the work caliber and individuality of the radio and television icon.As such, the protagonist of the Edwards book perfectly exuded a picture of both excellence and calmness when his innovations resulted in the turning point of broadcast journalism. Hence, in the light of clear character analysis of the Edwards book, the words of Murrow clearly manifested how he wanted himself and the field of broadcast journalism to be realized. Edwards quoted Murrow as saying â€Å"I began to breathe and to reflect again—that all men would be brave if only they could leave their stomachs at home† (Edwards 74).Another form of character analysis that affirmed the kind of personality, quality of work and significant influence made to broadcast media profession by Murrow was through the interview made by Jones to Edwards. The â€Å"Edward Murrow† book is efficiently perceived through how Edwards viewed Murrow. Jones then confirmed from the interview he made with the author that without Murrow, broadcast journalism will never be the same as it is now (Jones).It was also in an online broadcast by the National Public Radio or NPR and where Edwards’ show is broadcasted that Murrow was regarded as a history himself. Murrow’s spectacular rooftop live broadcast of the London Blitz provided fresh approach and unique style of broadcast journalism. As presented by Edwards in his book, it was Murrow’s innate character and professional supremacy that brought new information or news reports and made broadcast journalism as a field of enormous power and undisputed impact to people and societies (â€Å"Edward R.Murrow: Broadcasting History†). Apart from his innovative wartime broadcasts that catapult him to fame and respect, it was Murrow’s personal and professional principles that made him incomparable from the rest. Hence, it was the statement by Edwards during the Jones interview that ideally depicted the character and value and most importantly, the influence of Murrow to broadcast journalism.As Edwards said: â€Å"I say he (Murrow) set the standard, but it’s probably closer to say he set the ideal and we can’t have the (same) ideal anymore† (Jones). Works Cited â€Å"Edward R. Murrow: Broadcasting History. † Morning Edition. National Public Radio. 6 May 2004. Edwards, Bob. Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism (Turning Points in History). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2004). Jones, Michelle. â€Å"NPR’s Bob Edwards on Edward R. Murrow. † Interview to Bob Edwards. 2004.

Lincoln Electric

Lincoln Electric Lincoln Electric is one of world leading companies providing welding equipment. The company was established at the end of the nineteenth century and now it is operating in five continents. In 2005, the net income of Lincoln Electric was $122 million (Siegel 3). The company’s success can be explained by effective strategies employed.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Lincoln Electric specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the company managed to develop efficient functional strategies. These strategies include the â€Å"use of employee stock ownership†, bonuses â€Å"determined by merit ratings†, piecework pay and so on (Siegel 3). These incentives increased employees’ motivation and the quality of products provided also improved. It is also noteworthy that the company manufactured arc welding equipment as well as consumable products. This diversification has enabled the company t o meet consumer’s needs and the company’s revenues increased. As for increasing efficiency, the strategy mentioned above was crucial. Apart from diversification and proper human resources management, Lincoln Electric marketed its products in 19 countries. At that, when the company was facing certain problems, the CEO managed to increase efficiency of facilities through closing unprofitable plants and eliminating duplication in other plants. When it comes to increasing quality, the company implemented a number of successful strategies aimed at development of new products. The RD department of the company patented various products that were hits in the field of welding industry. As has been mentioned above, employees were motivated to produce high-quality products and this also contributed greatly to the overall quality of products manufactured. Increasing innovation is closely connected with increasing quality. However, it is important to add that the company used innov ative strategies in production (patented new efficient products) as well as other spheres (introduced effective HR strategies, diversified production). The company’s success is also rooted in increasing customer responsiveness. This was achieved through development of user-friendly equipment that was able to solve numerous issues consumers may have faced during their work with the company’s products. Diversification was a key element of this process.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lincoln Electric launched a very effective Guaranteed Cost Reduction Program through which it guaranteed that users of the company’s products would save money (Siegel 5). Through this program, Lincoln Electric developed quite close relationships with its consumers. Sponsoring such sporting events as NASCAR and NHRA also contributed to increasing customer respons iveness. It is necessary to highlight the most effective business level strategies. These include optimization. As has been mentioned above, the company’s CEO managed to close unprofitable facilities in a number of countries and optimize functioning of others. Elimination of duplicating certain process had a positive impact on the company’s development. The focus on quality of products as well as diversity was also beneficial for the company. Finally, company’s’ HR policies led to development of trustful relationship between management and employees (Siegel 4). Corporate level strategies have also been effective. Thus, the company’s readiness to expand was central to its success in the world. The company managed to identify major markets where their products would be in demand. At the same time, the company’s CEOs were not afraid to close facilities that had been unprofitable. Importantly, Lincoln Electric was the company that managed facili ties effectively and eliminated any reduplication. Finally, in the time of global financial constraints, the company was also successful in acquisitions. The policy to acquire assets of companies well established in certain markets has proved to be effective and the company managed to remain the leader in the global market. Siegel, Jordan. Lincoln Electric. Harvard Business School (2008): 1-24. Print.

A Glimpse of Chinese Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Glimpse of Chinese Art - Essay Example The earliest Shuiyei Guanyin work of art was found in Dunhuang. This was later described the deity on the painting to have â€Å"distinctive attributes of Guanyin† in the Tang dynasty, and the dynasties that followed thereafter. The icon had a â€Å"willow branch† and â€Å"water bottle† in both hands, and it was seated on a rock. The background had a fabulous full moon and the place was filled with bamboo grove. This work had influenced the Chinese culture and art since full moon and bamboo grove have been the symbolic icons in Chinese paintings. This work of art continued to transform and was interpreted into other works of art such as sculptures. This art later on signified the beauty of Chinese art from Indian culture that had the resemblance of the said icon. This has fascinated me in such way that I was able to appreciate how art can live through the years, and represent the stories behind it. This even became a more developed one by having several interpre tations and versions. Art can even prove to connect different cultures together, and yet, it maintains the true meaning and essence of the art for each culture. The horses of the Tang Dynasty are among the most promising treasures and works of art in Chinese culture. This is due to the fact that horses made a significant role during the war since this signified stability of the troop. The Tang dynasty was one of the well known dynasties in China, and their horses were known to be one of the greatest inspirations to come up with ideas on Chinese art. The â€Å"Zhaoling Six Horses† is said to be the inspired work of art from the Chinese custom of â€Å"stone relievos.† These horses were owned by the emperor Li Shimin of Tang dynasty (Dongxia 121-122). These horses were described to be a group of equestrians and that they were wearing clothes suited for the battle, but at the same time neat and steady. The group was not all Chinese by ethnicity, but they all had the readi ness to face war (â€Å"Tang Dynasty†). The â€Å"horses in Tang dynasty† has made an impact on me not just with how they served their purpose back in the Tang dynasty, but as to how they had remained to be a symbolic icon in Tang dynasty. I see them as a proof of stability, and at the same time elegance as they

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme - Essay Example The following are some of the roles Mr. Campbell McBain should expect (Mostafa, 2014).The facilitator should ensure that the functions are given are fulfilled by the right people with the proper experience and authority. The facilitator is the task of developing clear objectives and agenda that are in line with the company goals. He should also decide the workshop process and briefing process. The facilitator should also ensure that logistical arrangements are. During the workshop, the facilitator ensures that objectives are, and benefits are realized. He also ensures that all relevant information is available to the group so that strategic decision-making is facilitated. After the workshop, the primary role of the facilitator is to produce and deliver the workshop report. He also reviews the report with the management of the company. McBain is not qualified for the role of facilitator although he has all the relevant knowledge about the company. McBain has been in the business for a long time and understands the role that the proposed software is supposed to play. McBain is very excited about the progress of the program. Thus, he will be available to the programmers at London Agile (Shankar et al.,2014). Despite his qualifications, it might be difficult for him to be impartial which is a quality required for the facilitator role. He should ensure he facilitates the workshop rather than dictate what is to be. A facilitator plays his role with no alignment or stake in the company, and there Campbell will not be suited for the role (Kafilongo et al, 2014) The company ambassador is the person given the responsibility of ensuring he or she embodies the cooperate identity of the company. The company ambassador has the ability of the to use promotional strategies that will strengthen the customer product relationship. It will influence a large number of organizations into using the products of the organization (Turk et al, 2014). The